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https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1701-610X
Las áreas protegidas son una herramienta fundamental para la conservación de la biodiversidad; sin embargo, su efectividad no depende únicamente de su reconocimiento legal, sino también de la calidad de los arreglos de gobernanza que orientan su manejo. Este estudio evaluó la calidad de la gobernanza en áreas protegidas y conservadas mediante una revisión sistemática de literatura internacional, con el propósito de identificar qué tipos de gobernanza y sistemas de gestión se asocian con mejores resultados. La revisión siguió el protocolo PRISMA y analizó 106 artículos, de los cuales se extrajeron 154 casos de gobernanza. Cada caso fue clasificado según tipo de gobernanza y sistema de gestión, y evaluado mediante un índice basado en cinco principios de buena gobernanza de la UICN: legitimidad y voz, dirección, desempeño, rendición de cuentas, y justicia y derechos. Los resultados muestran que la gobernanza compartida con enfoque bottom-up presentó el índice más alto de calidad (9.33 ± 0.51), seguida por la gobernanza comunitaria bottom-up (8.90 ± 0.40) y la gobernanza compartida bajo esquemas de cogestión (7.83 ± 0.21). En contraste, los valores más bajos se observaron en la gobernanza compartida top-down (4.57 ± 0.47) y en la gobernanza gubernamental top-down (4.19 ± 0.30). El análisis cualitativo identificó como factores de éxito: la participación efectiva, el reconocimiento de la autoridad local, el liderazgo comunitario e indígena, la confianza, la integración del conocimiento local, reglas claras, apoyo externo adecuado y beneficios tangibles. En conjunto, los hallazgos muestran que la gobernanza compartida no garantiza por sí misma una buena gobernanza si no redistribuye poder, autoridad, recursos y beneficios entre los actores involucrados.
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