MLS Health and Nutrition Research
Vol. 1 Núm. 1 (2022)
ISSN: 2952-2471
Nuevos tratamientos dietético-nutricionales en diabetes mellitus tipo 2: una revisión narrativa Una revisión narrativa
Publicado May 27, 2022
Resumen
Introducción: El aumento de la prevalencia de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 está muy relacionada con los hábitos actuales de alimentación y vida poco saludables. Estrategias dietético-nutricionales como el ayuno intermitente y la dieta hiperproteica, podrían ser nuevas opciones de tratamiento efectivas y seguras para mejorar el control glucémico en personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2.
Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del ayuno intermitente y la dieta hiperproteica como nuevas estrategias dietético-nutricionales en el tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2.
Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, donde se analizaron un total de 12 artículos científicos de la base de datos Pubmed publicados en los últimos 5 años (de abril 2015 a abril 2020), 6 referentes a ayuno intermitente y 6 a dieta hiperproteica.
Resultados y discusión: Tanto el ayuno intermitente como la dieta hiperproteica, con un enfoque hipocalórico, son estrategias dietético-nutricionales efectivas y seguras para el control glucémico en adultos con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, debido al hecho de que provocan una bajada de peso la cual disminuye la resistencia a la insulina. En el caso del ayuno intermitente es recomendable ajustar la medicación a la hora de las ingestas para mejorar su seguridad, mientras que la dieta hiperproteica es segura siempre y cuando no exista daño renal previo. Se necesita futura investigación para demostrar que ambas estrategias tienen efectos sobre el control glucémico independientemente de la pérdida de peso.
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Eguren, I. (2022). Nuevos tratamientos dietético-nutricionales en diabetes mellitus tipo 2: una revisión narrativa. LS ealth and utrition esearch, 1(1). ecuperado a partir de https://www.mlsjournals.com/MLS-Health-Nutrition/article/view/943
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(1) Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2017;389(10085):2239-2251. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2.
(2) Federación Internacional de Diabetes (FID). Atlas de la Diabetes de la FID. 9ª ed [Internet]. 2019 [Citado el 7 de abril de 2021]. Disponible en: https://diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133352_2406-IDF-ATLAS-SPAN-BOOK.pdf
(3) Soriguer F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, Calle-Pascual A, Carmena R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Spain: the Di@bet.es Study. Diabetologia. 2012;55(1):88-93. doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2336-9.
(4) Rojo-Martínez G, Valdés S, Soriguer F, Vendrell J, Urrutia I, Pérez V, et al. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in Spain as results of the nation-wide cohort di@bet.es study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(2765). doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59643-7.
(5) Halim M, Halim A. The effects of inflammation, aging and oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes). Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(2):1165-1172. doi:101016/j.dsx.2019.01.040.
(6) Pan B, Wu Y, Yang Q, Long G, Caiyun G, Xun Y, et al. The impact of major dietary patterns on glycemic control, weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis. J Evid Based Med. 2019;12(1):29-39. doi:10.1111/jebm.12312.
(7) Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al. Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):731-754. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0014.
(8) Schwingshackl L, Missbach B, König J, Hoffman G. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(7):1292-1299. doi:10.1017/S1368980014001542.
(9) Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Panagiotakos DB, Giugliano D. Mediterranean diet for type 2 diabetes: cardiometabólico benefits. Endocrine. 2017; 56(1):27-32. doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1018-2.
(10) Vitale M, Masulli M, Calabrese I, Rivellese AA, Bonora E, Signorini S, et al. Impact of a Mediterranean dietary pattern and its components on cardiovascular risk factors, glucose control and body weight in people with type 2 diabetes: a real-life study. Nutrients. 2018;10(8). doi:10.3390/nu10081067.
(11) Grajower MM, Horne BD. Clinical management of intermittent fasting in patients with diabetes mellitus. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):873. doi:10.3390/nu11040873.
(12) Zhao WT, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhao TT. High protein diet is of benefit for patients with type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore): 2018; 97(46):13149. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000013149.
(13) Johnstone A. Fasting for weight loss: an effective strategy or latest dieting trend? Int J Obes. 2015;39:727-733. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.214.
(14) Anton SD, Moehl K, Donahoo WT, Marosi K, Lee S, Mainous AG, et al. Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding and applying health benefits of fasting. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26(2): 54-268. doi:10.1002/oby.22065.
(15) Patterson RE, Laughlin GA, Sears DD, LaCroix AZ, Marinac C, Gallo LC, et al. Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(8):1203-1212. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.018.
(16) Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, et al. Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBI Datadase System Rev Implement Rep. 2018;16(2):507-547. doi:10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003248.
(17) Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early-time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;27(6):1212-1221. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010.
(18) Seimon RV, Roekens JA, Zibellini J, Zhu B, Gibson AA, Hills AP. Do intermittent diets provide physiological benefits over continuous diets for weight loss? A systematic review of clinical trials. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;418(2):153-172. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.014.
(19) Obert J, Pearlman M, Obert L, Chapin S. Popular weight loss strategies: a review of four weight loss techniques. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19(61). doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0603-8.
(20) Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. The effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restricted diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized non-inferiority trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(3). doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0756.
(21) Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. The effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restricted diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: 24-month follow-up of a randomized non-inferiority trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;151:11-19. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.022.
(22) Cho Y, Hong N, Kim KW, Cho SJ, Lee M, Lee YH, et al. The effectiveness of intermittent fasting to reduce body mass index and glucose metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10):1645. doi:10.3390/jcm8101645.
(23) Gutiérrez-Rodelo C, Rousa-Guiberna A, Olivares-Reyes JA. Mecanismos moleculares de la resistencia a la insulina: una actualización. Gac Med Mex. 2017;153:214-228.
(24) Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review. AM J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(2):464-470. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.109553.
(25) Silbert R, Salcido-Montenegro A, Rodriguez-Gutiérrez R, Katabi A, McCoy RG. Hypoglucemia among patients with type 2 diabetes: Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(8):53. doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1018-0.
(26) Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Intermittent energy restriction in type 2 diabetes: a short discussion of medication management. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(20):627-630. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i20.627.
(27) Corley BT, Carroll RW, Weatherall M, Parry-Strong A, Krebs JD. Intermittent fasting in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycemia: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2018;35(5):588-594. doi:10.1111/dme.13595.
(28) Olansky L. Strategies for management of intermittent fasting in patients with diabetes. Clevel Clin J Med. 2017;84(5):357-358. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.16118.
(29) Lonnie M, Hooker E, Brunstrom JM, Corfe BM, Green MA, Watson AW, et al. Protein for life: review of optimal protein intake sustainable dietary sources and the effect on appetite in ageing adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):360. doi:10.3390/nu10030360.
(30) Wolfe RR, Cifelli AM, Kostas G, Kim IY. Optimizing protein intake in adults: interpretation and application of the recommended dietary allowance compared with the acceptable macronutrient distribution range. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(2):266-275. doi:10.3945/an.116.013821.
(31) Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, Manny N, Brinkworth GD. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(6):1281-1298. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044321.
(32) Tay J, Thompsom CH, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Wittert GA, et al. Long-term effects of a very low carbohydrate compared with a high carbohydrate diet on renal function in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015:94(47):2181. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002181.
(33) Campos-Nonato I, Hernandez L, Barquera S. Effect of a high-protein diet versus standard-protein diet on weight loss and biomarkers of metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Obes Facts. 2017;10(3):238-251. doi:10.1159/000471485.
(34) Yu Z, Nan F, Wang LY, Jiang H, Chen W, Jiang Y. Effects of high-protein diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(6):1724-1734. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.008.
(35) Malaeb S, Bakker C, Chow LS, Bantle AE. High-protein diets for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(4):621-633. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz002.
(36) Cuenca-Sánchez M, Navas-Castillo D, Orenes-Piñero E. Controversies surrounding high-protein diet intake: satiating effect and kidney and bone health. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(3):260-266. doi:10.3945/an.114.007716.
(37) Ko GJ, Obi Y, Tortoricci AR, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;20(1):77-85. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000342.
(38) Kamper AL, Strandgaard S. Long-term effects of high-protein diets on renal function. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37:347-369. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034426.
(39) Rendón-Rodríguez R. Efecto de las dietas hiperproteicas sobre la función renal: una controversia actual. Nutr Clin Med. 2018;12(3):149-162. doi:10.7400/NCM.2018.12.3.5069.
(40) Kaji A, Hashimoto Y, Kobayashi Y, Wada S, Kuwahata M, Yamazaki M, et al. Protein intake is not associated with progression of diabetic kidney disease in patients without macroalbuminuria. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;35(5):3150. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3150.
(41) Mattos CB, Vianna LC, Paula TP, Sarmento RA, Almeida JC, Gross JL, et al. Increased protein intake is associated with uncontrolled blood pressure by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(3):232-239. doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.926155.
(42) Wei S, Zhao J, Bai M, Li C, Zhang L, Chen Y. Comparison of glycemic improvement between intermittent calorie restriction and continuous calorie restriction in diabetic mice. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2019;16:60. doi:10.1186/s12986-019-0388-x.
(43) Muñoz-Hernández L, Márquez-López Ziomara, Mehta R, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Intermittent fasting as part of the management for T2DM: from animal models to human clinical studies. Curr Diab Rep. 2020;20(4):13. doi:10.1007/s11892-020-1295-2.
(44) Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL, Lachin JM, Bray GA, Delahanty L, et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(9):2102-2107. doi:10.2337/dc06-0560.
(2) Federación Internacional de Diabetes (FID). Atlas de la Diabetes de la FID. 9ª ed [Internet]. 2019 [Citado el 7 de abril de 2021]. Disponible en: https://diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133352_2406-IDF-ATLAS-SPAN-BOOK.pdf
(3) Soriguer F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, Calle-Pascual A, Carmena R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Spain: the Di@bet.es Study. Diabetologia. 2012;55(1):88-93. doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2336-9.
(4) Rojo-Martínez G, Valdés S, Soriguer F, Vendrell J, Urrutia I, Pérez V, et al. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in Spain as results of the nation-wide cohort di@bet.es study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(2765). doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59643-7.
(5) Halim M, Halim A. The effects of inflammation, aging and oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes). Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(2):1165-1172. doi:101016/j.dsx.2019.01.040.
(6) Pan B, Wu Y, Yang Q, Long G, Caiyun G, Xun Y, et al. The impact of major dietary patterns on glycemic control, weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis. J Evid Based Med. 2019;12(1):29-39. doi:10.1111/jebm.12312.
(7) Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al. Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):731-754. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0014.
(8) Schwingshackl L, Missbach B, König J, Hoffman G. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(7):1292-1299. doi:10.1017/S1368980014001542.
(9) Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Panagiotakos DB, Giugliano D. Mediterranean diet for type 2 diabetes: cardiometabólico benefits. Endocrine. 2017; 56(1):27-32. doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1018-2.
(10) Vitale M, Masulli M, Calabrese I, Rivellese AA, Bonora E, Signorini S, et al. Impact of a Mediterranean dietary pattern and its components on cardiovascular risk factors, glucose control and body weight in people with type 2 diabetes: a real-life study. Nutrients. 2018;10(8). doi:10.3390/nu10081067.
(11) Grajower MM, Horne BD. Clinical management of intermittent fasting in patients with diabetes mellitus. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):873. doi:10.3390/nu11040873.
(12) Zhao WT, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhao TT. High protein diet is of benefit for patients with type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore): 2018; 97(46):13149. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000013149.
(13) Johnstone A. Fasting for weight loss: an effective strategy or latest dieting trend? Int J Obes. 2015;39:727-733. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.214.
(14) Anton SD, Moehl K, Donahoo WT, Marosi K, Lee S, Mainous AG, et al. Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding and applying health benefits of fasting. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26(2): 54-268. doi:10.1002/oby.22065.
(15) Patterson RE, Laughlin GA, Sears DD, LaCroix AZ, Marinac C, Gallo LC, et al. Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(8):1203-1212. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.018.
(16) Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, et al. Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBI Datadase System Rev Implement Rep. 2018;16(2):507-547. doi:10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003248.
(17) Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early-time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;27(6):1212-1221. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010.
(18) Seimon RV, Roekens JA, Zibellini J, Zhu B, Gibson AA, Hills AP. Do intermittent diets provide physiological benefits over continuous diets for weight loss? A systematic review of clinical trials. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;418(2):153-172. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.014.
(19) Obert J, Pearlman M, Obert L, Chapin S. Popular weight loss strategies: a review of four weight loss techniques. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19(61). doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0603-8.
(20) Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. The effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restricted diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized non-inferiority trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(3). doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0756.
(21) Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. The effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restricted diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: 24-month follow-up of a randomized non-inferiority trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;151:11-19. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.022.
(22) Cho Y, Hong N, Kim KW, Cho SJ, Lee M, Lee YH, et al. The effectiveness of intermittent fasting to reduce body mass index and glucose metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10):1645. doi:10.3390/jcm8101645.
(23) Gutiérrez-Rodelo C, Rousa-Guiberna A, Olivares-Reyes JA. Mecanismos moleculares de la resistencia a la insulina: una actualización. Gac Med Mex. 2017;153:214-228.
(24) Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review. AM J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(2):464-470. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.109553.
(25) Silbert R, Salcido-Montenegro A, Rodriguez-Gutiérrez R, Katabi A, McCoy RG. Hypoglucemia among patients with type 2 diabetes: Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(8):53. doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1018-0.
(26) Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Intermittent energy restriction in type 2 diabetes: a short discussion of medication management. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(20):627-630. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i20.627.
(27) Corley BT, Carroll RW, Weatherall M, Parry-Strong A, Krebs JD. Intermittent fasting in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycemia: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2018;35(5):588-594. doi:10.1111/dme.13595.
(28) Olansky L. Strategies for management of intermittent fasting in patients with diabetes. Clevel Clin J Med. 2017;84(5):357-358. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.16118.
(29) Lonnie M, Hooker E, Brunstrom JM, Corfe BM, Green MA, Watson AW, et al. Protein for life: review of optimal protein intake sustainable dietary sources and the effect on appetite in ageing adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):360. doi:10.3390/nu10030360.
(30) Wolfe RR, Cifelli AM, Kostas G, Kim IY. Optimizing protein intake in adults: interpretation and application of the recommended dietary allowance compared with the acceptable macronutrient distribution range. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(2):266-275. doi:10.3945/an.116.013821.
(31) Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, Manny N, Brinkworth GD. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(6):1281-1298. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044321.
(32) Tay J, Thompsom CH, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Wittert GA, et al. Long-term effects of a very low carbohydrate compared with a high carbohydrate diet on renal function in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015:94(47):2181. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002181.
(33) Campos-Nonato I, Hernandez L, Barquera S. Effect of a high-protein diet versus standard-protein diet on weight loss and biomarkers of metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Obes Facts. 2017;10(3):238-251. doi:10.1159/000471485.
(34) Yu Z, Nan F, Wang LY, Jiang H, Chen W, Jiang Y. Effects of high-protein diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(6):1724-1734. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.008.
(35) Malaeb S, Bakker C, Chow LS, Bantle AE. High-protein diets for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(4):621-633. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz002.
(36) Cuenca-Sánchez M, Navas-Castillo D, Orenes-Piñero E. Controversies surrounding high-protein diet intake: satiating effect and kidney and bone health. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(3):260-266. doi:10.3945/an.114.007716.
(37) Ko GJ, Obi Y, Tortoricci AR, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;20(1):77-85. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000342.
(38) Kamper AL, Strandgaard S. Long-term effects of high-protein diets on renal function. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37:347-369. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034426.
(39) Rendón-Rodríguez R. Efecto de las dietas hiperproteicas sobre la función renal: una controversia actual. Nutr Clin Med. 2018;12(3):149-162. doi:10.7400/NCM.2018.12.3.5069.
(40) Kaji A, Hashimoto Y, Kobayashi Y, Wada S, Kuwahata M, Yamazaki M, et al. Protein intake is not associated with progression of diabetic kidney disease in patients without macroalbuminuria. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;35(5):3150. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3150.
(41) Mattos CB, Vianna LC, Paula TP, Sarmento RA, Almeida JC, Gross JL, et al. Increased protein intake is associated with uncontrolled blood pressure by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(3):232-239. doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.926155.
(42) Wei S, Zhao J, Bai M, Li C, Zhang L, Chen Y. Comparison of glycemic improvement between intermittent calorie restriction and continuous calorie restriction in diabetic mice. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2019;16:60. doi:10.1186/s12986-019-0388-x.
(43) Muñoz-Hernández L, Márquez-López Ziomara, Mehta R, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Intermittent fasting as part of the management for T2DM: from animal models to human clinical studies. Curr Diab Rep. 2020;20(4):13. doi:10.1007/s11892-020-1295-2.
(44) Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL, Lachin JM, Bray GA, Delahanty L, et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(9):2102-2107. doi:10.2337/dc06-0560.
