Revisión sistemática: entrenamiento de fuerza previo a un partido de fútbol
Resumen
El fútbol es un deporte de cooperación-oposición, con elevada incertidumbre y en el que se dan constantemente acciones de alta intensidad que demandan al futbolista un elevado nivel de rendimiento físico. El trabajo en el gimnasio se ha convertido en los últimos años en una herramienta imprescindible y se ha demostrado que un entrenamiento de fuerza antes del inicio de un partido ofrece mejoras en el rendimiento condicional del futbolista gracias al efecto de potenciación post-activación (PAP). El objetivo del presente trabajo de revisión fue comprobar qué protocolos de entrenamientos de fuerza maximizan el efecto de la PAP. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en PubMed, encontrando 144 artículos que, una vez filtrados en base a los criterios de inclusión, se redujeron a 13. Fueron mantenidas las directrices para el diseño de revisiones establecidas por PRISMA. Los resultados muestran que para la mayoría de los autores el entrenamiento de fuerza, con protocolos con ejercicios tanto concéntricos, como excéntricos o pliométricos, en todos los planos del movimiento, con un volumen bajo y a altas intensidades (±85%1RM) en el entrenamiento convencional o máximas si se trata de ejercicios pliométricos, con un descanso a la prueba de entre 5 y 10 minutos, podría ser beneficioso para el rendimiento posterior en un partido de fútbol. Se concluyó que existen aspectos diferenciales como que no todas las personas responderán igual ante un mismo protocolo de PAP, siendo determinantes la edad o la experiencia previa en el entrenamiento de fuerza.
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Seco, R., Lanza, C., & Lago, C. (2024). Revisión sistemática: entrenamiento de fuerza previo a un partido de fútbol. LS port esearch, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.54716/mlssr.v4i1.1861
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Altmann, S., Forcher, L., Ruf, L., Beavan, A., Groß, T., Lussi, P., Woll, A., & Härtel, S. (2021). Match-related physical performance in professional soccer: ¿Position or player specific? Plos One, 16(9), artículo e0256695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256695
Bangsbo, J., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2006). Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(7), 665–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500482529
Barnes, C., Archer, D., Hogg, B., Bush, M., & Bradley, P. (2020). The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.5114/BIOLSPORT.2020.93039
Beato, M., Madruga-Parera, M., Piqueras-Sanchiz, F., Moreno-Pérez, V., & Romero-Rodriguez, D. (2019). Acute effect of eccentric overload exercises on change of direction performance and lower-limb muscle contractile function. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 00(00), 1–7.
Beato, M., Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Turner, A. N., & Bishop, C. (2021). Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: Scientific rationale and methodological recommendations. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 16, 456–461. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2020-0862
Biz, C., Nicoletti, P., Baldin, G., Bragazzi, N. L., Crim, A., & Ruggieri, P. (2021). Hamstring strain injury ( HSI ) prevention in professional and semi-professional football teams : A systematic review and. Envromental Research and Public Health, 18(8272), 1–15.
Castellano, J., & Casamichana, D. (2016) El arte de planificar en fútbol. Fútbol de Libro.
Ciocca, G., Tschan, H., Tessitore, A. (2021). Effects of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) induced by a plyometric protocol on deceleration performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 80(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0085
Coutinho, D., Gonçalves, B., Wong, D. P., Travassos, B., Coutts, A. J., & Sampaio, J. (2018). Exploring the effects of mental and muscular fatigue in soccer players’ performance. Human Movement Science, 58, 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2018.03.004
de Keijzer, K. L., McErlain-Naylor, S. A., Iacono, A. dello, & Beato, M. (2020). Effect of volume on eccentric overload-induced postactivation potentiation of jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(7), 976–981. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0411
Dellal, A., Chamari, K., Wong, D. P., Ahmaidi, S., Keller, D., Barros, R., Bisciotti, G. N., & Carling, C. (2011). Comparison of physical and technical performance in European soccer match-play: Fa Premier League and La Liga. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.481334
Dello Iacono, A., & Seitz, L. B. (2018). Hip thrust-based PAP effects on sprint performance of soccer players: heavy-loaded versus optimum-power development protocols. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(20), 2375–2382. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1458400
Fiorilli, G., Mariano, I., Iuliano, E., Giombini, A., Ciccarelli, A., Buonsenso, A., Calcagno, G., & Di Cagno, A. (2020). Isoinertial eccentric-overload training in young soccer players: Effects on strength, sprint, change of direction, agility and soccer shooting precision. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 19(1), 213–223.
Gómez, A., Roqueta, E., Tarragó, J. R., Seirul·lo, F., & Cos, F. (2019). Entrenamiento en deportes de equipo: el entrenamiento coadyuvante en el FCB. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 138, 13–25. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.20140983.es.(2019/4).138.01
González-García, J., Giráldez-Costas, V., Ruiz-Moreno, C., Gutierrez-Hellín, C., & Romero-Morale- da, B. (2020) Delayed potentation effects on neuromuscular performance after optimal load and high load resistance priming sessions usig velocity los. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(12), 1617–1627.
González-García, J., Morencos, E., Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Cuéllar-Rayo, Á., & Romero-Moraleda, B. (2019). Effects of 7-week hip thrust versus back squat resistance training on performance in adolescent female soccer players. Sports, 7(4), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7040080
Guerra, M. A., Caldas, L. C., Souza, H. L., Duncan, J., Guimarães-Ferreira, M. J. &, Guerra, Ma, Duncan, M. &, & Guimarães. (2020). The effects of physical fitness on postactivation potentiation in professional soccer athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 7. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003711
Hoff, J. (2005). Training and testing physical capacities for elite soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021252
Koklu, Y., Koklu, O., Isikdemir, E., & Alemdaroglu, U. (2022). Effect of varying recovery duration on postactivation potentiation of explosive jump and short sprint in elite young soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(2), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003435
Loturco, I., Jeffreys, I., Abad, C. C. C., Kobal, R., Zanetti, V., Pereira, L. A., & Nimphius, S. (2020). Change-of-direction, speed and jump performance in soccer players: a comparison across different age-categories. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11–12), 1279–1285. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1574276
Martín-García, A., Gómez Díaz, A., Bradley, P. S., Morera, F., & Casamichana, D. (2018). Quantification of a professional football team’s external load using a microcycle structure. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(12), 3511–3518. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002816
Mola, J. N., Bruce-Low, S. S., & Burnet, S. J. (2014). Optimal recovery time for postactivation potentiation in professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(6), 1529–1537. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.00000000000313
Nealer, A. L., Dunnick, D. D., Malyszek, K. K., Wong, M. A., Costa, P. B., Coburn, J. W., & Brown, L. E. (2017). Influence of rest intervals after assisted sprinting on bodyweight sprint times in female collegiate soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001677
Nickerson, B., Mangine, G. T., Williams, T. D., & Martinez, I. A. (2018). Effect of cluster set warm-up configurations on sprint performance in collegiate male soccer players. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0610
Petisco, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Hernández, D., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Nakamura, F. Y., & Sanchez-Sanchez, J. (2019). Post-activation potentiation: Effects of different conditioning intensities on measures of physical fitness in male young professional soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01167
Petrella, R. J., Cunningham, D. A., Vandervoort, A. A., & Paterson, D. H. (1989). Comparison of twitch potentiation in the gastrocnemius of young and elderly men. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 58(4), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00643515
Picón-Martínez, M., Chulvi-Medrano, I., Cortell-Tormo, & J. M., Cardozo, L. A. (2019). La potenciación post-activación en el salto vertical: una revisión. Retos, 33, 44-51.
Poch, G. M. (2008). Enciclopedia de entrenamiento del futbolista profesional. https://www.biblio.com/book/enciclopedia-entrenamiento-del-futbolista-profesional-poch/d/773730516
Reynolds, J., Connor, M., Jamil, M., & Beato, M. (2021). Quantifying and comparing the match demands of U18, U23, and 1ST team english professional soccer players. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.706451
Sanchez-Sanchez, J., Rodriguez, A., Petisco, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Martínez, C., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2018). Effects of different post-activation potentiation warm-ups on repeated sprint ability in soccer players from different competitive levels. Journal of Human Kinetics, 61(1), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0131
Seirulo Vargas, F. (2017). El entrenamiento en los deportes de equipo. Mastercede.
Stølen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C., & Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of soccer. Sports medicine, 35(6), 501-536. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535060-00004
Styles, W., Matthews, M., & Comfort, P. (2016). Effects of strength training on squat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(6), 1534–1539.
Suarez-Arrones, L., Torreño, N., Requena, B., Sáez De Villarreal, E., Casamichana, D., Barbero-Alvarez, J. C., & Munguía-Izquierdo, D. (2015). Match-play activity proile in professional soccer players during oficial games and the relationship between external and internal load. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(12), 1417–1422.
Taylor, J. B., Wright, A. A., Dischiavi, S. L., Townsend, M. A., & Marmon, A. R. (2017). Activity demands during multi-directional team sports: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(12), 2533–2551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0772-5
Thapa, R. K., Lum, D., Moran, J., & Ramirez-campillo, R. (2021). Effects of complex training on sprint, jump, and change of direction ability of soccer players: A systematic review and. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.627869
The International Football Association Board (2021) Reglas de juego 21/22. El terreno de juego. (pp. 35-43).
Till, K. A., & Cooke, C. (2009). The effects of postactivation potentiation on sprint and jump performance of male academy soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(7), 1960–1967. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b8666e
Turner, A., Walker, S., Stembridge, M., Coneyworth, P., Reed, G., Birdsey, L., Barter, P., & Moody, J. (2011). A testing battery for the assessment of fitness in soccer players. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 33(5), 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31822fc80a
Vandervoort, A. A., & McComas, A. J. (1983). A comparison of the contractile properties of the human gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 51(3), 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00429079
Williams, J. J., Herron, R. L., Spradley, B., & Saracino, P. (2021). Postactivation potentiation effect of heavy sled towing on subsequent sprints. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(5), 1229–1233. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003863
Bangsbo, J., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2006). Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(7), 665–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500482529
Barnes, C., Archer, D., Hogg, B., Bush, M., & Bradley, P. (2020). The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.5114/BIOLSPORT.2020.93039
Beato, M., Madruga-Parera, M., Piqueras-Sanchiz, F., Moreno-Pérez, V., & Romero-Rodriguez, D. (2019). Acute effect of eccentric overload exercises on change of direction performance and lower-limb muscle contractile function. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 00(00), 1–7.
Beato, M., Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Turner, A. N., & Bishop, C. (2021). Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: Scientific rationale and methodological recommendations. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 16, 456–461. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2020-0862
Biz, C., Nicoletti, P., Baldin, G., Bragazzi, N. L., Crim, A., & Ruggieri, P. (2021). Hamstring strain injury ( HSI ) prevention in professional and semi-professional football teams : A systematic review and. Envromental Research and Public Health, 18(8272), 1–15.
Castellano, J., & Casamichana, D. (2016) El arte de planificar en fútbol. Fútbol de Libro.
Ciocca, G., Tschan, H., Tessitore, A. (2021). Effects of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) induced by a plyometric protocol on deceleration performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 80(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0085
Coutinho, D., Gonçalves, B., Wong, D. P., Travassos, B., Coutts, A. J., & Sampaio, J. (2018). Exploring the effects of mental and muscular fatigue in soccer players’ performance. Human Movement Science, 58, 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2018.03.004
de Keijzer, K. L., McErlain-Naylor, S. A., Iacono, A. dello, & Beato, M. (2020). Effect of volume on eccentric overload-induced postactivation potentiation of jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(7), 976–981. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0411
Dellal, A., Chamari, K., Wong, D. P., Ahmaidi, S., Keller, D., Barros, R., Bisciotti, G. N., & Carling, C. (2011). Comparison of physical and technical performance in European soccer match-play: Fa Premier League and La Liga. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.481334
Dello Iacono, A., & Seitz, L. B. (2018). Hip thrust-based PAP effects on sprint performance of soccer players: heavy-loaded versus optimum-power development protocols. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(20), 2375–2382. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1458400
Fiorilli, G., Mariano, I., Iuliano, E., Giombini, A., Ciccarelli, A., Buonsenso, A., Calcagno, G., & Di Cagno, A. (2020). Isoinertial eccentric-overload training in young soccer players: Effects on strength, sprint, change of direction, agility and soccer shooting precision. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 19(1), 213–223.
Gómez, A., Roqueta, E., Tarragó, J. R., Seirul·lo, F., & Cos, F. (2019). Entrenamiento en deportes de equipo: el entrenamiento coadyuvante en el FCB. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 138, 13–25. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.20140983.es.(2019/4).138.01
González-García, J., Giráldez-Costas, V., Ruiz-Moreno, C., Gutierrez-Hellín, C., & Romero-Morale- da, B. (2020) Delayed potentation effects on neuromuscular performance after optimal load and high load resistance priming sessions usig velocity los. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(12), 1617–1627.
González-García, J., Morencos, E., Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Cuéllar-Rayo, Á., & Romero-Moraleda, B. (2019). Effects of 7-week hip thrust versus back squat resistance training on performance in adolescent female soccer players. Sports, 7(4), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7040080
Guerra, M. A., Caldas, L. C., Souza, H. L., Duncan, J., Guimarães-Ferreira, M. J. &, Guerra, Ma, Duncan, M. &, & Guimarães. (2020). The effects of physical fitness on postactivation potentiation in professional soccer athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 7. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003711
Hoff, J. (2005). Training and testing physical capacities for elite soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021252
Koklu, Y., Koklu, O., Isikdemir, E., & Alemdaroglu, U. (2022). Effect of varying recovery duration on postactivation potentiation of explosive jump and short sprint in elite young soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(2), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003435
Loturco, I., Jeffreys, I., Abad, C. C. C., Kobal, R., Zanetti, V., Pereira, L. A., & Nimphius, S. (2020). Change-of-direction, speed and jump performance in soccer players: a comparison across different age-categories. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11–12), 1279–1285. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1574276
Martín-García, A., Gómez Díaz, A., Bradley, P. S., Morera, F., & Casamichana, D. (2018). Quantification of a professional football team’s external load using a microcycle structure. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(12), 3511–3518. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002816
Mola, J. N., Bruce-Low, S. S., & Burnet, S. J. (2014). Optimal recovery time for postactivation potentiation in professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(6), 1529–1537. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.00000000000313
Nealer, A. L., Dunnick, D. D., Malyszek, K. K., Wong, M. A., Costa, P. B., Coburn, J. W., & Brown, L. E. (2017). Influence of rest intervals after assisted sprinting on bodyweight sprint times in female collegiate soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001677
Nickerson, B., Mangine, G. T., Williams, T. D., & Martinez, I. A. (2018). Effect of cluster set warm-up configurations on sprint performance in collegiate male soccer players. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0610
Petisco, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Hernández, D., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Nakamura, F. Y., & Sanchez-Sanchez, J. (2019). Post-activation potentiation: Effects of different conditioning intensities on measures of physical fitness in male young professional soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01167
Petrella, R. J., Cunningham, D. A., Vandervoort, A. A., & Paterson, D. H. (1989). Comparison of twitch potentiation in the gastrocnemius of young and elderly men. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 58(4), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00643515
Picón-Martínez, M., Chulvi-Medrano, I., Cortell-Tormo, & J. M., Cardozo, L. A. (2019). La potenciación post-activación en el salto vertical: una revisión. Retos, 33, 44-51.
Poch, G. M. (2008). Enciclopedia de entrenamiento del futbolista profesional. https://www.biblio.com/book/enciclopedia-entrenamiento-del-futbolista-profesional-poch/d/773730516
Reynolds, J., Connor, M., Jamil, M., & Beato, M. (2021). Quantifying and comparing the match demands of U18, U23, and 1ST team english professional soccer players. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.706451
Sanchez-Sanchez, J., Rodriguez, A., Petisco, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Martínez, C., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2018). Effects of different post-activation potentiation warm-ups on repeated sprint ability in soccer players from different competitive levels. Journal of Human Kinetics, 61(1), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0131
Seirulo Vargas, F. (2017). El entrenamiento en los deportes de equipo. Mastercede.
Stølen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C., & Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of soccer. Sports medicine, 35(6), 501-536. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535060-00004
Styles, W., Matthews, M., & Comfort, P. (2016). Effects of strength training on squat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(6), 1534–1539.
Suarez-Arrones, L., Torreño, N., Requena, B., Sáez De Villarreal, E., Casamichana, D., Barbero-Alvarez, J. C., & Munguía-Izquierdo, D. (2015). Match-play activity proile in professional soccer players during oficial games and the relationship between external and internal load. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(12), 1417–1422.
Taylor, J. B., Wright, A. A., Dischiavi, S. L., Townsend, M. A., & Marmon, A. R. (2017). Activity demands during multi-directional team sports: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(12), 2533–2551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0772-5
Thapa, R. K., Lum, D., Moran, J., & Ramirez-campillo, R. (2021). Effects of complex training on sprint, jump, and change of direction ability of soccer players: A systematic review and. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.627869
The International Football Association Board (2021) Reglas de juego 21/22. El terreno de juego. (pp. 35-43).
Till, K. A., & Cooke, C. (2009). The effects of postactivation potentiation on sprint and jump performance of male academy soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(7), 1960–1967. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b8666e
Turner, A., Walker, S., Stembridge, M., Coneyworth, P., Reed, G., Birdsey, L., Barter, P., & Moody, J. (2011). A testing battery for the assessment of fitness in soccer players. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 33(5), 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31822fc80a
Vandervoort, A. A., & McComas, A. J. (1983). A comparison of the contractile properties of the human gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 51(3), 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00429079
Williams, J. J., Herron, R. L., Spradley, B., & Saracino, P. (2021). Postactivation potentiation effect of heavy sled towing on subsequent sprints. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(5), 1229–1233. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003863
