Patrocinado por:
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1759-4649
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9323-7426
Los accidentes de tráfico comprenden una de las principales causas de mortalidad y daños económicos a nivel mundial. La conducción es una conducta compleja influenciada por factores cognitivos y conductuales que desempeñan un papel significativo en la ocurrencia de accidentes e infracciones, a menudo debidos a conductas de riesgo. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre las dimensiones de atribución causal (locus de control, controlabilidad y estabilidad) y las conductas aberrantes (violaciones, violaciones agresivas, errores y lapsus) en la conducción. Para ello, una muestra de 42 conductores (13 hombres y 28 mujeres) completó una serie de medidas autoinformadas. Los resultados revelaron una asociación positiva entre el locus de control interno y la estabilidad con una mayor prevalencia de conductas agresivas. Asimismo, se encontró una asociación negativa entre la percepción de controlabilidad y las conductas de riesgo, sugiriendo que una mayor percepción de control disminuye la probabilidad de presentar conductas de riesgo. Estos hallazgos subrayan el papel de los estilos atribucionales en la predicción de comportamientos de riesgo en la conducción, lo cual tiene importantes implicaciones para la promoción de la seguridad vial y el diseño de intervenciones preventivas.
Aberg, L., y Rimmo, P.-A. (1998). Dimensions of aberrant driver behaviour. Ergonomics, 41(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401398187314
Alavi, S. S., Mohammadi, M. R., Soori, H., y Ghanizadeh, M. (2017). The cognitive and psychological factors (personality, driving behavior, and mental illnesses) as predictors in traffic violations. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(2), 78–86.
Baron, R. A., y Richardson, D. R. (1994). Human aggression. Springer Science & Business Media.
Castellano, N. C., y Rodriguez, M. C. (2007). Diseño y evaluación de un programa de cambio de estilo atribucional en deportistas adolescentes de una institución educativa privada ubicada en la ciudad de Bogotá. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 7(2), 5–25. https://revistas.um.es/cpd/article/view/54571/52581
Dahlen, E. R., y Ragan, K. M. (2004). Validation of the propensity for angry driving scale. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 557–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.09.002
Davis, M. L., Witcraft, S. M., Baird, S. O., y Smits, J. A. J. (2017). Learning principles in CBT. En G. Asmundson & S. Hoffman (Eds.), The Science of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (pp. 51–76). Elsevier.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Stephens, A. N., y Sullman, M. J. M. (2016). Driving anger as a psychological construct: Twenty years of research using the Driving Anger Scale. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 236–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.10.021
Deffenbacher, Jerry L., Huff, M. E., Lynch, R. S., Oetting, E. R., y Salvatore, N. F. (2000). Characteristics and treatment of high-anger drivers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.5
DeJoy, D. M. (1989). The optimism bias and traffic accident risk perception. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 21(4), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(89)90024-9
Failde-Garrido, J. M., Rodríguez-Castro, Y., González-Fernández, A., y García-Rodríguez, M. A. (2023). Traffic Crimes and risky driving: The role of personality and driving anger. Current Psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 42(14), 12281–12295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02634-2
Fernández, A., Arnaiz, P., Mejía, R., y Barca, A. (2015). Atribuciones causales del alumnado universitario de República Dominicana con alto y bajo rendimiento academico || Causal attributions in low and high academic achievement university students in the Dominican Republic. Revista de estudios e investigación en psicología y educación, 2(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.17979/reipe.2015.2.1.1319
Gaianu, P.-A., Giosan, C., y Sârbescu, P. (2020). From trait anger to aggressive violations in road traffic. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 70, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.02.006
González-Iglesias, B., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., y Luengo-Martín, M. Á. (2012). Driving anger and traffic violations: Gender differences. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(4), 404–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2012.03.002
Gosselin, D., Gagnon, S., Stinchcombe, A., y Joanisse, M. (2010). Comparative optimism among drivers: An intergenerational portrait. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 42(2), 734–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.11.001
Hammond, T. B., y Horswill, M. S. (2002). The influence of desire for control on drivers’ risk-taking behaviour. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 4(4), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-8478(01)00028-6
Harre, N., y Sibley, C. G. (2007). Explicit and implicit self-enhancement biases in drivers and their relationship to driving violations and crash-risk optimism. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 39(6), 1155–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.03.001
Herrero-Fernández, D. (2011). Adaptación psicométrica de la versión reducida del Driving Anger Scale en una muestra española. Diferencias por edad y sexo. 27(2), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps
Herrero-Fernández, D. (2013). Do people change behind the wheel? A comparison of anger and aggression on and off the road. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 21, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2013.09.008
Holland, C., Geraghty, J., y Shah, K. (2010). Differential moderating effect of locus of control on effect of driving experience in young male and female drivers. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 821–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.003
Huang, J. L., y Ford, J. K. (2012). Driving locus of control and driving behaviors: Inducing change through driver training. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(3), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2011.09.002
Ivers, R., Senserrick, T., Boufous, S., Stevenson, M., Chen, H.-Y., Woodward, M., y Norton, R. (2009). Novice drivers’ risky driving behavior, risk perception, and crash risk: Findings from the DRIVE study. American Journal of Public Health, 99(9), 1638–1644. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.150367
Koenka, A. C. (2020). Academic motivation theories revisited: An interactive dialog between motivation scholars on recent contributions, underexplored issues, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61(101831), 101831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101831
Lawton, R., Parker, D., Manstead, A. S. R., y Stradling, S. G. (1997). The role of affect in predicting social behaviors: The case of road traffic violations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(14), 1258–1276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01805.x
Lerner, J. S., y Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146
Liu, Y., Wang, X., y Guo, Y. (2021). The moderating effects of emotions on the relationship between self-reported individual traits and actual risky driving behaviors. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 423–447. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s301156
Manassero, M. A., y Vazquez, A. (1995). La atribución causal como determinante de las expectativas. Psicothema, 7(2), 361–376. https://www.psicothema.com/pi?pii=982
Mardanian, S., y Bahari, A. (2024). An analysis of factors influencing accidents outside urban areas in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2024(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6690964
Martinussen, L. M., Møller, M., y Prato, C. G. (2014). Assessing the relationship between the Driver Behavior Questionnaire and the Driver Skill Inventory: Revealing sub-groups of drivers. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 26, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2014.06.008
Matthews, M. L., y Moran, A. R. (1986). Age differences in male drivers’ perception of accident risk: The role of perceived driving ability. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 18(4), 299–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(86)90044-8
Mohammadpour, S. I., y Nassiri, H. (2021). Aggressive driving: Do driving overconfidence and aggressive thoughts behind the wheel, drive professionals off the road? Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 79, 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.04.008
Ohtsuka, K. (2013). Views on luck and winning, self-control, and gaming service expectations of culturally and linguistically diverse Australian poker machine gamblers. Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2195-3007-3-9
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2023). Global status report on road safety 2023. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240086517
Özkan, T., y Lajunen, T. (2005). Multidimensional Traffic Locus of Control Scale (T-LOC): factor structure and relationship to risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(3), 533–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.007
Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., y Summala, H. (2006). Driver behaviour questionnaire: A follow-up study. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 38(2), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.10.012
Parker, D., Lajunen, T., y Summala, H. (2002). Anger and aggression among drivers in three European countries. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 34(2), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(01)00018-5
Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., y Seligman, M. E. P. (1982). The attributional style questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01173577
Pinillos, J. L. (1977). Principios de la psicología. Alianza Universidad.
Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J., y Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: a real distinction? Ergonomics, 33(10–11), 1315–1332. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139008925335
Rejali, S., Emami, E., Tayarani Najjaran, E., y Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam, A. (2023). Calm down, please!: Exploring the effects of driving anger expression (DAX) on traffic locus of control (T-LOC) and crash involvement among drivers in Tehran, Iran. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 94, 286–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2023.02.016
Schunk, D. H., Meece, J. L., y Pintrich, P. R. (2014). Motivation in Education: Theory, research, and Applications. Pearson.
Stephens, A. N., Newnam, S., y Young, K. L. (2021). Who’s more angry? Comparing driver anger and aggression within work and personal driving contexts. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 81, 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.07.002
Stephens, A. N., y Ohtsuka, K. (2014). Cognitive biases in aggressive drivers: Does illusion of control drive us off the road? Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.016
Torre, C., y Godoy, A. (2002). Influencia de las atribuciones causales del profesor sobre el rendimiento de los alumnos. Psicothema, 14(2), 444–449. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=72714240
Weiner, B. (1971). Perceiving the Causes of Success and Failure. General Learning Press, New York.
Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.71.1.3
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. Springer US.
Yu, Z., Qu, W., y Ge, Y. (2022). Trait anger causes risky driving behavior by influencing executive function and hazard cognition. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 177(106824), 106824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106824
Zhang, T., Chan, A. H. S., Xue, H., Zhang, X., y Tao, D. (2019). Driving anger, aberrant driving behaviors, and road crash risk: Testing of a mediated model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030297
Aberg, L., y Rimmo, P.-A. (1998). Dimensions of aberrant driver behaviour. Ergonomics, 41(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401398187314
Alavi, S. S., Mohammadi, M. R., Soori, H., y Ghanizadeh, M. (2017). The cognitive and psychological factors (personality, driving behavior, and mental illnesses) as predictors in traffic violations. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(2), 78–86.
Baron, R. A., y Richardson, D. R. (1994). Human aggression. Springer Science & Business Media.
Castellano, N. C., y Rodriguez, M. C. (2007). Diseño y evaluación de un programa de cambio de estilo atribucional en deportistas adolescentes de una institución educativa privada ubicada en la ciudad de Bogotá. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 7(2), 5–25. https://revistas.um.es/cpd/article/view/54571/52581
Dahlen, E. R., y Ragan, K. M. (2004). Validation of the propensity for angry driving scale. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 557–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.09.002
Davis, M. L., Witcraft, S. M., Baird, S. O., y Smits, J. A. J. (2017). Learning principles in CBT. En G. Asmundson & S. Hoffman (Eds.), The Science of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (pp. 51–76). Elsevier.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Stephens, A. N., y Sullman, M. J. M. (2016). Driving anger as a psychological construct: Twenty years of research using the Driving Anger Scale. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 236–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.10.021
Deffenbacher, Jerry L., Huff, M. E., Lynch, R. S., Oetting, E. R., y Salvatore, N. F. (2000). Characteristics and treatment of high-anger drivers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.5
DeJoy, D. M. (1989). The optimism bias and traffic accident risk perception. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 21(4), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(89)90024-9
Failde-Garrido, J. M., Rodríguez-Castro, Y., González-Fernández, A., y García-Rodríguez, M. A. (2023). Traffic Crimes and risky driving: The role of personality and driving anger. Current Psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 42(14), 12281–12295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02634-2
Fernández, A., Arnaiz, P., Mejía, R., y Barca, A. (2015). Atribuciones causales del alumnado universitario de República Dominicana con alto y bajo rendimiento academico || Causal attributions in low and high academic achievement university students in the Dominican Republic. Revista de estudios e investigación en psicología y educación, 2(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.17979/reipe.2015.2.1.1319
Gaianu, P.-A., Giosan, C., y Sârbescu, P. (2020). From trait anger to aggressive violations in road traffic. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 70, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.02.006
González-Iglesias, B., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., y Luengo-Martín, M. Á. (2012). Driving anger and traffic violations: Gender differences. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(4), 404–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2012.03.002
Gosselin, D., Gagnon, S., Stinchcombe, A., y Joanisse, M. (2010). Comparative optimism among drivers: An intergenerational portrait. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 42(2), 734–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.11.001
Hammond, T. B., y Horswill, M. S. (2002). The influence of desire for control on drivers’ risk-taking behaviour. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 4(4), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-8478(01)00028-6
Harre, N., y Sibley, C. G. (2007). Explicit and implicit self-enhancement biases in drivers and their relationship to driving violations and crash-risk optimism. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 39(6), 1155–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.03.001
Herrero-Fernández, D. (2011). Adaptación psicométrica de la versión reducida del Driving Anger Scale en una muestra española. Diferencias por edad y sexo. 27(2), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps
Herrero-Fernández, D. (2013). Do people change behind the wheel? A comparison of anger and aggression on and off the road. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 21, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2013.09.008
Holland, C., Geraghty, J., y Shah, K. (2010). Differential moderating effect of locus of control on effect of driving experience in young male and female drivers. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 821–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.003
Huang, J. L., y Ford, J. K. (2012). Driving locus of control and driving behaviors: Inducing change through driver training. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(3), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2011.09.002
Ivers, R., Senserrick, T., Boufous, S., Stevenson, M., Chen, H.-Y., Woodward, M., y Norton, R. (2009). Novice drivers’ risky driving behavior, risk perception, and crash risk: Findings from the DRIVE study. American Journal of Public Health, 99(9), 1638–1644. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.150367
Koenka, A. C. (2020). Academic motivation theories revisited: An interactive dialog between motivation scholars on recent contributions, underexplored issues, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61(101831), 101831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101831
Lawton, R., Parker, D., Manstead, A. S. R., y Stradling, S. G. (1997). The role of affect in predicting social behaviors: The case of road traffic violations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(14), 1258–1276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01805.x
Lerner, J. S., y Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146
Liu, Y., Wang, X., y Guo, Y. (2021). The moderating effects of emotions on the relationship between self-reported individual traits and actual risky driving behaviors. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 423–447. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s301156
Manassero, M. A., y Vazquez, A. (1995). La atribución causal como determinante de las expectativas. Psicothema, 7(2), 361–376. https://www.psicothema.com/pi?pii=982
Mardanian, S., y Bahari, A. (2024). An analysis of factors influencing accidents outside urban areas in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2024(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6690964
Martinussen, L. M., Møller, M., y Prato, C. G. (2014). Assessing the relationship between the Driver Behavior Questionnaire and the Driver Skill Inventory: Revealing sub-groups of drivers. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 26, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2014.06.008
Matthews, M. L., y Moran, A. R. (1986). Age differences in male drivers’ perception of accident risk: The role of perceived driving ability. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 18(4), 299–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(86)90044-8
Mohammadpour, S. I., y Nassiri, H. (2021). Aggressive driving: Do driving overconfidence and aggressive thoughts behind the wheel, drive professionals off the road? Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 79, 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.04.008
Ohtsuka, K. (2013). Views on luck and winning, self-control, and gaming service expectations of culturally and linguistically diverse Australian poker machine gamblers. Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2195-3007-3-9
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2023). Global status report on road safety 2023. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240086517
Özkan, T., y Lajunen, T. (2005). Multidimensional Traffic Locus of Control Scale (T-LOC): factor structure and relationship to risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(3), 533–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.007
Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., y Summala, H. (2006). Driver behaviour questionnaire: A follow-up study. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 38(2), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.10.012
Parker, D., Lajunen, T., y Summala, H. (2002). Anger and aggression among drivers in three European countries. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 34(2), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(01)00018-5
Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., y Seligman, M. E. P. (1982). The attributional style questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01173577
Pinillos, J. L. (1977). Principios de la psicología. Alianza Universidad.
Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J., y Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: a real distinction? Ergonomics, 33(10–11), 1315–1332. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139008925335
Rejali, S., Emami, E., Tayarani Najjaran, E., y Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam, A. (2023). Calm down, please!: Exploring the effects of driving anger expression (DAX) on traffic locus of control (T-LOC) and crash involvement among drivers in Tehran, Iran. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 94, 286–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2023.02.016
Schunk, D. H., Meece, J. L., y Pintrich, P. R. (2014). Motivation in Education: Theory, research, and Applications. Pearson.
Stephens, A. N., Newnam, S., y Young, K. L. (2021). Who’s more angry? Comparing driver anger and aggression within work and personal driving contexts. Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 81, 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.07.002
Stephens, A. N., y Ohtsuka, K. (2014). Cognitive biases in aggressive drivers: Does illusion of control drive us off the road? Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.016
Torre, C., y Godoy, A. (2002). Influencia de las atribuciones causales del profesor sobre el rendimiento de los alumnos. Psicothema, 14(2), 444–449. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=72714240
Weiner, B. (1971). Perceiving the Causes of Success and Failure. General Learning Press, New York.
Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.71.1.3
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. Springer US.
Yu, Z., Qu, W., y Ge, Y. (2022). Trait anger causes risky driving behavior by influencing executive function and hazard cognition. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 177(106824), 106824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106824
Zhang, T., Chan, A. H. S., Xue, H., Zhang, X., y Tao, D. (2019). Driving anger, aberrant driving behaviors, and road crash risk: Testing of a mediated model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030297
2025-04-15
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