Inteligência Emocional em Enfermeiros – a visão do psicólogo
Resumen
O enquadramento relativo à inteligência emocional e às respetivas competências tem evoluído ao longo do tempo. Na realidade esta evolução chega muito no sentido de simplificar, como o atestam os vários estudos recentemente efetuados sobre o cérebro e as emoções, que esclarecem, em muito, a base neurológica das competências (Silva, 2010). No decorrer dos últimos anos, é notório o interesse e a procura de uma definição de Inteligência Emocional (IE). Importa ressaltar que cada conceito emerge da abordagem teórica que a sustenta, cujas origens remontam à psicologia social e à inteligência pessoal (Costa, 2009). Podemos, no entanto, encontrar as raízes do construto da IE no conceito de “inteligência social”, identificado por Thorndike (1920), citado em Rego & Fernandes, 2005), baseado na capacidade de compreender e gerir, agindo sabiamente as relações humanas. Mayer, Salovey & Caruso (2000), citado em Ângelo, (2007), agrupam os modelos para a inteligência emocional em dois grandes grupos: os de aptidões, na linha de Mayer e Salovey, que se focam nas aptidões mentais, nas emoções e na sua interação com a inteligência, e os modelos mistos, na linha de Bar-On e na linha de Goleman, que consideram as aptidões mentais e uma variedade de outras características como a motivação, a atividade social e determinadas qualidades pessoais (autoestima, felicidade, empatia, entre outras) como uma entidade única. Este estudo procura identificar o modo como a Inteligência Emocional se relaciona com o sucesso profissional nos profissionais de enfermagem.
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Cunha, M., & Pinto, S. (2023). Inteligência Emocional em Enfermeiros – a visão do psicólogo. MLS Psychology Research, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.33000/mlspr.v6i2.1465
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Abraham, R. (1999). Emotional intelligence in organizations: A conceptualization. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology, 125, 209-215. American Psychological Association. (1997). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. Washington, DC: Author.
Bastian, V. A., Burns, N. R., & Nettelbeck, T. (2005). Emotional intelligence predicts life skills, but not as well as personality and cognitive abilities. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1135-1145.
Bar-On, R. (1997). The emotional intelligence inventory (EQ-I): Technical manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
Blackwell. Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & E. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 527-561). New York
Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, discriminant, and incremental Validity of Competing Measures of Emotional Intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 1147-1158.
Brackett, M. A., Mayer, J. D., & Warner, R. M. (2004). Emotional intelligence and its relation to everyday behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1387-1402.
Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S., Shiffman, S., Lerner, N., & Salovey, P. (2006). Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of performance and self-report measures of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 779-780.
Brackett, M. A., & Salovey, P. (2004). Measuring emotional intelligence as a mental ability with the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test. In G. Geher (Ed.), Measurement of emotional intelligence (pp. 179-194). New York: Nova Science.
Bueno, J. M. H., & Primi, R. (2003). Inteligência emocional: Um estudo de validade sobre a capacidade de perceber emoções. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 16, 279-291.
Butcher, J. (1974). La inteligencia humana (J. A. Forteza, Trans.). Madrid, Spain: Marova. (Original work published 1968)
Carmona-Navarro, MC, Pichardo-Martínez, MC. (2012) Atitudes do profissional de enfermagem em relação ao comportamento suicida: influência da inteligência emocional. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem, 20(6),1-8.
Carvalho, C. G. (2013) Importância da Inteligência Emocional para a efetiva (ação) de uma assistência de enfermagem mais humanizada. Revista da Universidade Vale do Rio Verde,, 10 (1), 630-638.
Carroll, J. B. (1982). The measurement of intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence (pp. 29-122). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Campione, J. C., Brown, A. L., & Ferrara, R. A. (1982). Mental retardation and intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence (pp. 392-492). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Celik, G. O. (2017) The relationship between patient satisfaction and emotional intelligence skills of nurses working in surgical clinics. Patient Preference and Adherence, 11, 1363-1368
Ciarrochi, J., Chan, A., & Caputi, P. (2000). A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 539-561.
Cooper, R. K., & Sawaf, A. (1997). Executive EQ: Emotional intelligence in leaders and organizations. New York: Grosset. Dawda, D., & Hart, S. D. (2000). Assessing emotional intelligence: Reliability and validity of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 797-812.
Day, A. L., & Carroll, S. A. (2004). Using an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence to predict individual performance, group performance, and group citizenship behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1443-1458.
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241-273.
Forgas, J. P. (1995). The affect infusion model (AIM): Review and an integrative theory of mood effects on judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39-66.
Fortes D’Andrea, F. (1996). Desenvolvimento da personalidade: Enfoque psicodinâmico. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Bertrand
Brasil. Gannon, N., & Ranzijn, R. (2005). Does emotional intelligence predict unique variance in life satisfaction beyond IQ and personality? Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1353- 1364.
Garber, J., & Dodge, K. A. (Eds.). (1991). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gardner, H. (1995). Inteligências múltiplas: A teoria na prática (M. A. V. Veronese, Trad.). Porto Alegre, RS: Artes Médicas.
Giménez-Espert, MC, Prado-Gascó, VJ. (2017) Efeito moderador do sexo em atitudes para a comunicação, inteligência emocional e empatia em enfermagem. Revista Latino- Americana de Enfermagem. 25:e2969, 1-7.
Gohm, C. L., Corser, G. C., & Dalsky, D. J. (2005). Emotional intelligence under stress: Useful, unnecessary, or irrelevant? Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1017-1028.
Goleman, D. (1996). Inteligência emocional (M. Santarrita, Trad.). Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Objetiva.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lopes, P. N., Brackett, M. A., Nezlek, J. B., Schütz, A., & Salovey, P. (2004). Emotional intelligence and social interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1018-1034.
Guilford. Schutte, N. S., Lopez, E., & Malouff, J. (2000). The relationship between cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence assessed as a maximal performance and typical performance. Paper presented at the Models of Intelligence Conference, New Haven, CT.
Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., & Straus, R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, personality, and the perceived quality of social relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 641-658.
Lyons, J. B., & Schneider, T. R. (2005). The influence of emotional intelligence on performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 693-703.
Malouff, J. M., Hall, L.E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., et al. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167-177.
Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. D. (2002). Emotional intelligence: Science and myth. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standarts for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267-298.
Mayer, J. D., DiPaolo, M. T., & Salovey, P. (1990). Perceiving affective content in ambiguous visual stimuli: A component of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 772-781.
Mayer, J. D., & Geher, G. (1996). Emotional Intelligence and the identification of emotion. Intelligence, 22, 89-113.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 396-420). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2002). Mayer-Salovey Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) user’s manual. Toronto, Canada: MHS.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004a). A further consideration of the issues of emotional intelligence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 249-255.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004b). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3), 197-215.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. R., & Sitarenios, G. (2001). Emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence. Emotion, 1, 232-242.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., et al. (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist, 51, 77-101.
O’Connor, R. M., Jr., & Little, I. S. (2003). Revisiting the predictive validity of emotional intelligence: Self-report versus abilitybased measures. Personalility and Individual Differences, 35, 1893-1902.
Reis, D. L., Brackett, M. A., Shamosh, N. A., Kiehl, K. A., Salovey, S., & Gray, J. R. (2007). Emotional intelligence predicts individual differences in social exchange reasoning. Neuroimage, 35(3), 1385-1391.
Roberts, R. D., Zeidner, M., & Matthews, G. (2001). Does emotional intelligence meet traditional standards for an intelligence? Emotion, 1, 196-231.
Rooy, D. L. V., & Viswesvaran, C. (2004). Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 71-95.
Salovey, P., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., & Mayer, J. D. (2000). Current directions in emotional intelligence research. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 504-520). New York: Guilford Press.
Salovey, P., & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 281-285. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D., & Lopes, P. N. (2001). Measuring emotional intelligence as a set of mental abilities with the MSCEIT. In S. J. Lopes & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology assessment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Salovey, P., Woolery, A., & Mayer, J. D. (2001). Emotional intelligence: Conceptualization and measurement. In G. Fletcher & M. S. Clark (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Vol. 2. Interpersonal processes (pp. 279- 307). Oxford, UK:
Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E. J., & Miniski, P. S. (2003). Factor structure and validity of a trait emotional intelligence measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 707-721.
Sarabia-Cobo, C. M., González Suárez, S., Menéndez Crispín, E. J., Sarabia Cobo, A. B., Pérez, V., de Lorena, P., & Sanlúcar Gross, L. (2017) Emotional intelligence and coping styles: Na intervention in geriatric nurses. Applied Nursing Research, 35, 94-98.
Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Bobik, C., Coston, T. D., Greeson, C., Jedlicka, C., et al. (2001). Emotional intelligence and interpersonal relations. Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 523-536.
Siqueira, M. M. M., Barbosa, N. C., & Alves, M. T. (1999). Construção e validação fatorial de a Medida de Inteligência Emocional. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 15, 143-152.
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). The concept of intelligence and its role in lifelong learning and sucess. American Psychologist, 52, 1030-1045.
Sternberg, R. J., & Salter, W. (1982). Conceptions of intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence (pp. 3-28). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Palmer, B., Donaldson, C., & Stough, C. (2002). Emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1091-1100.
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 313-320
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal or Personality, 15, 425-448.
Trinidad, D. R., & Johnson, C. A. (2001). The association between emotional intelligence and early adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 95-105.
Thorndike, R. L. (1936). Factor analysis of social and abstract intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 27, 231-233.
Van der Zee, K., Thijs, M., & Schakel, L. (2002). The relationship of emotional intelligence with academic intelligence and the Big Five. European Journal of Personality, 16, 103-125.
Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2001). Slow down, you move too fast: Emotional Intelligence remains an “elusive” intelligence. Emotion, 1, 265-275.
Zeidner, M., Shani-Zinovich, I., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2005). Assessing emotional intelligence in gifted and non gifted high school students: Outcomes depend on the measure. Intelligence, 33, 369-391.
Zhu, B., Chen, C., Shi, Z., Liang, H., & Liu, B. (2016) Mediating effect of self-efficacy in relationship between emotional intelligence and clinical communication competency of nurses. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 3, 162-168.
Bastian, V. A., Burns, N. R., & Nettelbeck, T. (2005). Emotional intelligence predicts life skills, but not as well as personality and cognitive abilities. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1135-1145.
Bar-On, R. (1997). The emotional intelligence inventory (EQ-I): Technical manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
Blackwell. Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & E. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 527-561). New York
Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, discriminant, and incremental Validity of Competing Measures of Emotional Intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 1147-1158.
Brackett, M. A., Mayer, J. D., & Warner, R. M. (2004). Emotional intelligence and its relation to everyday behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1387-1402.
Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S., Shiffman, S., Lerner, N., & Salovey, P. (2006). Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of performance and self-report measures of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 779-780.
Brackett, M. A., & Salovey, P. (2004). Measuring emotional intelligence as a mental ability with the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test. In G. Geher (Ed.), Measurement of emotional intelligence (pp. 179-194). New York: Nova Science.
Bueno, J. M. H., & Primi, R. (2003). Inteligência emocional: Um estudo de validade sobre a capacidade de perceber emoções. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 16, 279-291.
Butcher, J. (1974). La inteligencia humana (J. A. Forteza, Trans.). Madrid, Spain: Marova. (Original work published 1968)
Carmona-Navarro, MC, Pichardo-Martínez, MC. (2012) Atitudes do profissional de enfermagem em relação ao comportamento suicida: influência da inteligência emocional. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem, 20(6),1-8.
Carvalho, C. G. (2013) Importância da Inteligência Emocional para a efetiva (ação) de uma assistência de enfermagem mais humanizada. Revista da Universidade Vale do Rio Verde,, 10 (1), 630-638.
Carroll, J. B. (1982). The measurement of intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence (pp. 29-122). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Campione, J. C., Brown, A. L., & Ferrara, R. A. (1982). Mental retardation and intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence (pp. 392-492). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Celik, G. O. (2017) The relationship between patient satisfaction and emotional intelligence skills of nurses working in surgical clinics. Patient Preference and Adherence, 11, 1363-1368
Ciarrochi, J., Chan, A., & Caputi, P. (2000). A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 539-561.
Cooper, R. K., & Sawaf, A. (1997). Executive EQ: Emotional intelligence in leaders and organizations. New York: Grosset. Dawda, D., & Hart, S. D. (2000). Assessing emotional intelligence: Reliability and validity of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 797-812.
Day, A. L., & Carroll, S. A. (2004). Using an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence to predict individual performance, group performance, and group citizenship behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1443-1458.
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241-273.
Forgas, J. P. (1995). The affect infusion model (AIM): Review and an integrative theory of mood effects on judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39-66.
Fortes D’Andrea, F. (1996). Desenvolvimento da personalidade: Enfoque psicodinâmico. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Bertrand
Brasil. Gannon, N., & Ranzijn, R. (2005). Does emotional intelligence predict unique variance in life satisfaction beyond IQ and personality? Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1353- 1364.
Garber, J., & Dodge, K. A. (Eds.). (1991). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gardner, H. (1995). Inteligências múltiplas: A teoria na prática (M. A. V. Veronese, Trad.). Porto Alegre, RS: Artes Médicas.
Giménez-Espert, MC, Prado-Gascó, VJ. (2017) Efeito moderador do sexo em atitudes para a comunicação, inteligência emocional e empatia em enfermagem. Revista Latino- Americana de Enfermagem. 25:e2969, 1-7.
Gohm, C. L., Corser, G. C., & Dalsky, D. J. (2005). Emotional intelligence under stress: Useful, unnecessary, or irrelevant? Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1017-1028.
Goleman, D. (1996). Inteligência emocional (M. Santarrita, Trad.). Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Objetiva.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lopes, P. N., Brackett, M. A., Nezlek, J. B., Schütz, A., & Salovey, P. (2004). Emotional intelligence and social interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1018-1034.
Guilford. Schutte, N. S., Lopez, E., & Malouff, J. (2000). The relationship between cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence assessed as a maximal performance and typical performance. Paper presented at the Models of Intelligence Conference, New Haven, CT.
Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., & Straus, R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, personality, and the perceived quality of social relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 641-658.
Lyons, J. B., & Schneider, T. R. (2005). The influence of emotional intelligence on performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 693-703.
Malouff, J. M., Hall, L.E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., et al. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167-177.
Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. D. (2002). Emotional intelligence: Science and myth. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standarts for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267-298.
Mayer, J. D., DiPaolo, M. T., & Salovey, P. (1990). Perceiving affective content in ambiguous visual stimuli: A component of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 772-781.
Mayer, J. D., & Geher, G. (1996). Emotional Intelligence and the identification of emotion. Intelligence, 22, 89-113.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 396-420). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2002). Mayer-Salovey Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) user’s manual. Toronto, Canada: MHS.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004a). A further consideration of the issues of emotional intelligence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 249-255.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004b). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3), 197-215.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. R., & Sitarenios, G. (2001). Emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence. Emotion, 1, 232-242.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., et al. (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist, 51, 77-101.
O’Connor, R. M., Jr., & Little, I. S. (2003). Revisiting the predictive validity of emotional intelligence: Self-report versus abilitybased measures. Personalility and Individual Differences, 35, 1893-1902.
Reis, D. L., Brackett, M. A., Shamosh, N. A., Kiehl, K. A., Salovey, S., & Gray, J. R. (2007). Emotional intelligence predicts individual differences in social exchange reasoning. Neuroimage, 35(3), 1385-1391.
Roberts, R. D., Zeidner, M., & Matthews, G. (2001). Does emotional intelligence meet traditional standards for an intelligence? Emotion, 1, 196-231.
Rooy, D. L. V., & Viswesvaran, C. (2004). Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 71-95.
Salovey, P., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., & Mayer, J. D. (2000). Current directions in emotional intelligence research. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 504-520). New York: Guilford Press.
Salovey, P., & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 281-285. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D., & Lopes, P. N. (2001). Measuring emotional intelligence as a set of mental abilities with the MSCEIT. In S. J. Lopes & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology assessment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Salovey, P., Woolery, A., & Mayer, J. D. (2001). Emotional intelligence: Conceptualization and measurement. In G. Fletcher & M. S. Clark (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Vol. 2. Interpersonal processes (pp. 279- 307). Oxford, UK:
Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E. J., & Miniski, P. S. (2003). Factor structure and validity of a trait emotional intelligence measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 707-721.
Sarabia-Cobo, C. M., González Suárez, S., Menéndez Crispín, E. J., Sarabia Cobo, A. B., Pérez, V., de Lorena, P., & Sanlúcar Gross, L. (2017) Emotional intelligence and coping styles: Na intervention in geriatric nurses. Applied Nursing Research, 35, 94-98.
Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Bobik, C., Coston, T. D., Greeson, C., Jedlicka, C., et al. (2001). Emotional intelligence and interpersonal relations. Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 523-536.
Siqueira, M. M. M., Barbosa, N. C., & Alves, M. T. (1999). Construção e validação fatorial de a Medida de Inteligência Emocional. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 15, 143-152.
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). The concept of intelligence and its role in lifelong learning and sucess. American Psychologist, 52, 1030-1045.
Sternberg, R. J., & Salter, W. (1982). Conceptions of intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence (pp. 3-28). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Palmer, B., Donaldson, C., & Stough, C. (2002). Emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1091-1100.
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 313-320
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal or Personality, 15, 425-448.
Trinidad, D. R., & Johnson, C. A. (2001). The association between emotional intelligence and early adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 95-105.
Thorndike, R. L. (1936). Factor analysis of social and abstract intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 27, 231-233.
Van der Zee, K., Thijs, M., & Schakel, L. (2002). The relationship of emotional intelligence with academic intelligence and the Big Five. European Journal of Personality, 16, 103-125.
Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2001). Slow down, you move too fast: Emotional Intelligence remains an “elusive” intelligence. Emotion, 1, 265-275.
Zeidner, M., Shani-Zinovich, I., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2005). Assessing emotional intelligence in gifted and non gifted high school students: Outcomes depend on the measure. Intelligence, 33, 369-391.
Zhu, B., Chen, C., Shi, Z., Liang, H., & Liu, B. (2016) Mediating effect of self-efficacy in relationship between emotional intelligence and clinical communication competency of nurses. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 3, 162-168.
